I have blood in my urine. What to do?

The presence of blood in urine, a condition known as hematuria, can occur for a variety of reasons, ranging from benign to potentially serious. Hematuria can manifest as either gross hematuria (visible blood in the urine, giving it a pink, red, or brownish color) or microscopic hematuria (only detectable under a microscope). Here are some of the common causes of hematuria:

1. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): UTIs can cause inflammation of the urinary tract lining, leading to blood in the urine. This is usually accompanied by other symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.
2. Kidney Stones: The passing of kidney stones through the urinary tract can cause damage to the urinary tract lining, resulting in hematuria. Kidney stones can be very painful and are often associated with flank or lower back pain.
3. Bladder or Kidney Infections: Infections in the bladder (cystitis) or kidneys (pyelonephritis) can lead to inflammation and blood in the urine.
4. Trauma or Injury: Physical injury to the urinary tract, such as a blow to the kidney, can result in hematuria. This can be due to damage to blood vessels or tissues in the area.
5. Strenuous Exercise: Intense exercise, like long-distance running, can occasionally lead to the release of small amounts of blood in the urine. This is typically not a cause for concern and usually resolves on its own.
6. Medications: Some medications, like certain blood thinners, can increase the risk of bleeding and result in hematuria.
7. Enlarged Prostate: In men, an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) can cause urinary symptoms, including hematuria.
8. Bladder or Kidney Stones: The presence of stones in the bladder or kidneys can cause irritation and bleeding.
9. Cancer: Hematuria can be a sign of urinary tract cancers, including bladder, kidney, or prostate cancer. Although relatively rare, it's essential to investigate unexplained hematuria, especially in older individuals.
10. Inherited or Systemic Conditions: Conditions like sickle cell anemia or certain blood clotting disorders can lead to hematuria.
11. Other Kidney Conditions: Inflammatory conditions like glomerulonephritis and certain autoimmune diseases can affect the kidneys and lead to blood in the urine.

If you or someone you know is experiencing hematuria, it's crucial to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation. The evaluation typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as urine analysis, blood tests, imaging (e.g., ultrasound, CT scan), and possibly a cystoscopy (a procedure to examine the inside of the bladder). The cause of hematuria will determine the appropriate treatment or further investigation, which could include a referral to a urologist or nephrologist for specialized care. Early detection and treatment of underlying conditions are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome.